Challenges in North Africa: New Pathways for International Diplomacy?
An Insightful Gathering
On September 14, a notable event unfolded at the Atlantic Council as part of their North Africa Program, in collaboration with the US Embassy in Italy. Experts gathered to explore Italy’s potential role as a mediating power in the Mediterranean region. The panel featured prominent figures like Emadeddin Badi, Patricia Karam, Alessia Melcangi, Roberto Menotti, and Alissa Pavia, who share a wealth of experience and insight into the complex geopolitical landscape of North Africa.
Italy’s Stakes in the Mediterranean
Italy has profound interests in the Mediterranean, intertwined with historical and cultural ties, migration dynamics, and emerging economic challenges. The event underscored that Italy’s diplomatic engagement is not merely an option but a necessity. With the tumultuous backdrop of recent political changes, the panelists highlighted the crucial moment for bolstering Italy-US relations, particularly in terms of cooperative efforts in the Mediterranean.
Changing Dynamics Post-Biden Election
The panel pointed out the shift in the US-Italy relationship following President Joe Biden’s election. The prior administration’s adversarial stance towards the European Union had strained cooperation, creating a vacuum of diplomatic engagement. The current geopolitical landscape affords Italy an opportunity to work collaboratively with the US, enhancing their strategies for addressing ongoing tensions in North Africa.
Navigating Regional Rivalries
One of the most pressing issues discussed was the rivalry between Egypt and Turkey, alongside the long-standing tensions between Algeria and Morocco. Experts emphasized that these rivalries are not isolated; they pose risks of wider destabilization that could spill over into Italy. Increased migration, illicit arms trade, and human smuggling further complicate the landscape, urging Italy to adopt a proactive diplomatic stance.
Alessia Melcangi suggested that Italy could play a pivotal role in facilitating dialogue between Turkey and Egypt. Through track two diplomacy, Italy could help nurture multilateral initiatives that seek resolution to these rivalries. This would not only benefit regional stability but also bolster Italy’s own security interests.
The Western Sahara Dispute
The situation in Western Sahara remains a significant flashpoint in North Africa, particularly affecting Morocco and Algeria. The panel noted that the 2020 resurgence in hostilities has exacerbated tensions, leading to a complete breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two nations. Interestingly, Italy finds itself in a delicate position—relying on Algeria’s gas supplies while also maintaining strong ties with Morocco.
Patricia Karam highlighted that Italy must navigate these ties with care. Balancing relations without antagonizing either party is imperative for Italy’s energy security, particularly as the country aims to reduce its dependency on Russian energy sources.
Italian Interests in Libya
Libya’s ongoing turmoil was another focal point of discussion. Emadeddin Badi pointed out that Italy, due to its geographical proximity and historical links, could serve as a constructive interlocutor in Libya. Nevertheless, he lamented that Italy has not fully leveraged its understanding of Libyan dynamics to influence meaningful policy changes.
The crisis has worsened, fueled by external factors such as Russia’s expanding military footprint in the region. This underlines the urgency for Italy to capitalize on its unique position to initiate dialogue and involvement in Libya’s stabilization, especially given Italy’s interests in migration, oil, and gas within the country.
The Franco-German Relationship
Roberto Menotti brought attention to the broader European context, noting that the fundamental issues facing North Africa are intertwined with the Franco-German relationship. Consensus at the European level remains elusive until Germany engages more actively. This lack of unified European action presents challenges for Italy’s aspirations in the region.
With pressing crises at hand, Menotti emphasized the importance of keeping these issues high on Italy’s diplomatic agenda. The foreign ministry, diplomats, and the intelligence community all play roles in emphasizing that postponed actions could escalate into full-blown crises.
Reflections on US-Italy Cooperation
Karim Mezran concluded the event by articulating the potential for renewed US-Italy cooperation, particularly in light of the current global landscape. He acknowledged the contributions and insights shared by experts during the discussion and emphasized the importance of ongoing dialogue as the world grapples with increasingly complex challenges.
Through informed diplomacy and strategic partnerships, Italy aims to not only address its profound regional interests but to also play a critical role in fostering stability in North Africa. The gathering served as a clarion call for proactive engagement, urging Italy—and the US—to take significant steps towards fostering productive relationships that could ultimately enhance peace and cooperation in the Mediterranean basin.
