Rising Tensions in Somaliland: Clan Conflicts and Calls for Peace
Date and Context
On Sunday, December 7, 2025, the situation in Somaliland’s western regions intensified as fears of clan conflict escalated. After rival elders in the Awdal and Salal regions declared their readiness for war, the implications for peace and stability became increasingly concerning. These declarations followed the government’s abrupt cancellation of the Issa Covenant ceremony, which was initially scheduled for December 14 in Zeila.
Elders Mobilizing for Conflict
The tensions ignited during a meeting in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, where elders supporting the Issa Covenant voiced their frustrations and declared war. Almost immediately, elders opposing the covenant convened in Borama, announcing their own readiness to mobilize. Both factions are reportedly organizing supporters, fostering an environment ripe for violent confrontation. Local leaders worry that this political dispute could devolve into larger-scale violence.
Casualties and Civilian Impact
Borama remains in turmoil following two days of unrest, which resulted in the deaths of over 10 young individuals, with many more injured. Hospitals in the city are overwhelmed with gunshot victims, and the grim work of identifying deceased civilians is ongoing. The chilling reality of this violence underscores the urgent need for conflict resolution.
Government Response
President Irro, responding to the violence, condemned the killings as “avoidable.” He ordered national military forces stationed in Borama to return to their bases and announced the initiation of a formal investigation into the unrest. His admonition against misinformation aimed to stabilize the situation while affirming the government’s commitment to supporting the families of victims. He addressed historical grievances of the Awdal community, assuring them their rights to land and identity would be maintained.
Efforts at De-escalation
To alleviate tensions, President Irro canceled the Xeer Ciise ceremony entirely, heeding requests from mediating elders. He expressed his willingness to engage in any dialogue that would serve Somaliland’s interests and proposed a peace forum for December 10. Following his announcements, traditional leaders instructed residents to return home, although armed men maintained their positions in the hills surrounding Borama.
Political Fallout and Resignations
The political ramifications of the unrest continued to unfold, exemplified by the resignation of Information Minister Ahmed Yasin Sheikh Ali Ayaanle. He attributed his decision to the “bitter” choice to move forward with the ceremony, linking it to the unrest that had resulted in loss of life. His resignation highlighted the precarious nature of the political landscape and the need for stabilizing measures.
Military Investigations and Claims of Sniper Attacks
Somaliland’s military has reported investigating allegations that unidentified shooters may have targeted civilians with sniper rifles during the clashes. According to Col. Mohamed Abdi Abdille, national troops did not intentionally harm civilians but suspect a third party may have been involved. However, no public evidence has emerged to substantiate these claims, and no arrests have taken place, leaving the situation ambiguous.
Security Concerns and Civil Response
Despite military reassurances, reports emerged from MPs, such as Mohamed Abiib Yusuf, alleging that security forces shot live rounds while people protested. Medical teams and ambulances have been dispatched to Borama to assist with emergency responses, reflecting the dire circumstances within the community.
Community Stabilization Challenges
As rumors swirled about potential cash withdrawals from the Central Bank of Somaliland branch, small groups of civilians gathered outside, heightening concerns about public unrest. Bank officials quickly refuted these claims, urging residents to disperse. Meanwhile, traditional elders have called for calm, emphasizing the need for community solidarity amid rising tensions.
Historical Context and Future Outlook
The heightened hostility may signify deeper divisions between competing clan factions, particularly surrounding the contentious Isse Covenant. Historically, regions like Awdal and Salal have played stabilizing roles in Somaliland; therefore, local and national leaders are imploring both sides to seek peaceful resolutions to avoid escalating conflict. As investigations into the killings persist, the road ahead remains fraught with uncertainty, underscoring the critical need for effective dialogue and peacekeeping efforts.
