The Emerging Pakistan-Somalia Defence Pact: Implications for Regional Stability
Introduction to the Defence Cooperation Agreement
In a significant geopolitical shift, Pakistan and Somalia have entered into a five-year defence cooperation agreement, signed on August 28, 2025. This decision stirs both anticipation and concern amid the backdrop of increasing global military interests in Africa’s Horn. Positioned thousands of kilometres away, this pact does not merely reflect local strategic motivations but also signifies a broader global contest for influence over a region crucial for international trade and maritime security.
Details of the Pact
The specifics of the agreement, which received clearance from Somalia’s cabinet, are striking. It grants Pakistan the authority to train Somali military personnel in its Staff and War Colleges while also providing assistance in modernising the Somali navy. This entails not only the development of new naval units but also enhancements to maritime patrol capabilities and anti-piracy operations. Observers believe this cooperation aligns with parallel efforts, particularly from Turkey, to deepen military and intelligence presence in the strategically vital waters off Somalia’s coast.
A Shift from Cooperative Models
Historically, international military engagements in the region have focused on collaboration to combat piracy. The infamous 2009 hijacking of the Maersk Alabama highlighted the Gulf of Aden as one of the most perilous maritime routes. This prompted a concerted international response, leading to the establishment of joint patrols and intelligence-sharing initiatives, which were primarily coordinated by the European Union (EU) and global navies. By 2017, these cooperative measures significantly subdued piracy, allowing trade and maritime traffic to flourish once more.
Risk to Established Security
Now, however, the spirit of this cooperation faces new threats—not from piracy, but from political manoeuvring that risks undermining hard-won stability. The emergence of bilateral security agreements like the one between Pakistan and Somalia may disrupt existing frameworks established by the African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN). The potential for diminishing coordinated efforts raises flags regarding regional responses to maritime security and stability.
The Role of Existing International Efforts
Countries and organizations, including the EU’s naval mission (EU NAVFOR), EUCAP Somalia, and the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), have played significant roles in bolstering maritime security in the region. Through initiatives like those under Operation Atalanta, they have worked to escort vulnerable vessels and provide critical support to Somalia’s efforts in building maritime competencies. Notably, the Indian Navy has maintained an unobtrusive but stabilising presence, proving that effective security does not always require overt displays of power.
The Undermining Effect of New Agreements
Despite these established collaborative frameworks, the MoU between Pakistan and Somalia poses critical challenges. The agreement aims to upgrade Somalia’s military forces, providing training and technical assistance to the Somali navy—essentially duplicating efforts that had been carefully coordinated through international channels. This new deal exacerbates the fragmentation of authority, fostering confusion and competition among Somali authorities at a time when unity is crucial.
A Need for African-Led Solutions
As the Horn of Africa navigates complex geopolitical waters, it is paramount that Africa’s maritime future is governed by African entities. The African Union and Somalia’s regional governments should take the lead in shaping policies and frameworks that truly reflect their needs and priorities. External actors should play a supportive role that aligns with African interests rather than overshadow them.
The Importance of Coordination and Partnership
Fragmented agreements undermine the integrated and coordinated responses that have facilitated progress in regional stability. Countries like Pakistan and entities like Turkey may bring immediate resources, but their actions often lack the collaborative spirit essential for long-term success. Effective maritime security encompasses not only the deployment of ships and personnel but also fostering trust and transparency among all stakeholders involved.
The Risks of Isolated Agreements
Bilateral deals like the Pakistan-Somalia MoU can create a false sense of security, often leading to unintended negative consequences. They may entrench divisions within Somali governance structures, complicating the already delicate balance of power between federal and regional authorities. A clear-eyed approach to international partnerships is essential—one that respects Somalia’s sovereignty and promotes cooperation through established global frameworks.
By aligning itself with actors who are genuinely committed to Somalia’s long-term interests—including the EU, India, and regional partners—Somalia can cultivate a more stable and secure maritime environment.
Balancing Security and Sovereignty
The maritime security landscape of Somalia must not devolve into a battleground for foreign influence or interests. Achieving sustainable economic growth and securing the waters around Somalia will require an African-led, UN-supported cooperative effort that prioritizes stability over short-term gains. In an age of complex security challenges, this approach alone can ensure that Somalia’s maritime interests are safeguarded and that regional stability is maintained.
About the Author
Ashish Singh, an award-winning senior journalist, draws upon over 18 years of deep expertise in defence and strategic affairs to explore these multifaceted issues with clarity and insight.
